What is surveying and mapping?

Land surveying is the science, art, and profession of determining the positions of points on the surface of the earth and measuring the distances, directions, angles, and elevations between them. This data helps accurately create maps and determine plot boundaries.

Surveying and mapping have been a known science since at least Ancient Egypt. In fact, three out of the four presidents on Mount Rushmore were land surveyors. Surveying fulfills important needs in various fields, such as civil engineering, construction, architecture, and real estate.

What is a land surveyor?

Land surveyors determine property boundaries and prepare maps and survey plots of sites. They perform the measurements required for building a map of an area. Land surveyors may work with field equipment such as theodolites, levels, plumb bobs, and total stations, and software such as auto-CAD. They can also serve as expert witnesses in court cases and provide expertise to engineers, architects, and developers.

“Professional surveys are the only legally binding documents that show where your property begins and ends. Because of this, they can be the deciding factor in property disputes and are crucial when purchasing and developing land.”

How do you become a land surveyor?

In order to be eligible to become a licensed land surveyor in Florida, you must meet one of these two requirements:

Requirement 1:

Degree	Bachelor’s degree in surveying and mapping or a similar field (geomatics, geomatics engineering, land surveying, etc.)
Experience	Four years as a subordinate to a licensed surveyor where you were responsible for the accuracy of the work.

Requirement 2:

Degree	Bachelor’s degree in an unrelated field and 25 semester hours in related course work.
Experience	Six years as a subordinate to a licensed surveyor, five of which must show you were responsible for the accuracy of the work.

After meeting these requirements, you are eligible to apply for the license. After your application is approved by the board, you are entitled to take the Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) exam, the Principles and Practice of Surveying (PS) exam, and the Florida Jurisdictional exam.

There are two types of issued licenses:

LS (Land Surveyor)– this designation gives the surveyor a license to practice surveying and mapping. Professional land surveyors can sign and seal legal documents and is responsible for the accuracy of the data and maps.

LB (Surveying and Mapping Business) – this license designates a licensed land surveying business.

To learn more about becoming a licensed land surveyor, visit the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services website.

Why do I need a land survey?

There are many reasons one may need a land survey:

Before purchasing land, so that you have legal proof that what you think you’re buying is what you’re buying;

Before building a fence around your property, so you can determine exactly where it will go;

If you are selling your property, having a recent survey on file will make the land more attractive to prospective buyers;

Before building any new structures on a property. Surveys will be able to tell you where your property lines lie. They will also determine whether the new structure is complying with zoning and neighborhood regulations;

If your neighbor starts building anything new and you suspect they may be encroaching on your property;

Before establishing a land easement, you can be sure you and each involved party know what the easement entails. Title surveys will also show any existing easements.

Professional surveys are the only legally binding documents that show where your property begins and ends. Because of this, they can be the deciding factor in property disputes and are crucial when purchasing and developing land.

What is a legal description?

Legal descriptions provide a clear definition of a parcel’s dimensions and boundaries. They are different from addresses because they use existing township grids to define the location of the parcel and are unique to each plot of land. Because of this, they reduce confusion over where each parcel of land lies and provide legal evidence on where its boundaries begin and end.

Sales contracts, deeds, and mortgages all use legal descriptions. They can be found on property deeds or property tax statements.

What are the different types of surveys?

There are several different types of land surveys and services:

ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys

ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys provide a detailed representation of the property and show the relationship between existing improvements on a particular parcel of land relative to the boundaries set forth in the property’s deed. This survey follows a set of standards created by the American Land Title Association (ALTA) and the National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS) and provides thorough information on the boundaries, real property, easements, encroachments, and land ownership data of the property.

Commercial/Residential Boundary Surveys

Commercial/Residential Surveys determine the boundary of a specific piece of property. This survey is necessary for many reasons, including buying or selling land, clarifying property lines, and building on the land.

Construction Layout Services

Commonly referred to as construction staking or site layout surveys, these surveys determine the precise location of new structures on construction sites before they are built. Construction staking and site layout surveys can be used as a tool to provide construction personnel with directions needed to implement development improvements and keep construction on schedule and on budget.

Lot Splits and Boundary Line Adjustments

Lot splits involve splitting a plot of land into two new lots. This process is useful for multiple reasons, like when a lot has multiple owners and needs to be split, or a property owner wants to maximize profits by selling two lots. When a property line needs to be adjusted, land surveyors create boundary line adjustments. Drawing lots involves complying with zoning and size requirements, so land surveyors familiar with these requirements are necessary for these two services.

Platting Services and Lot Staking

Platting services fall into a similar category as Lot Splits and involve mapping and staking the entire property. During lot staking, land surveyors place survey monuments or markers at property corners and lines, at predefined intervals, using wooden stakes to clearly mark property boundaries.

Topographic Surveys

Topographic surveys are used to gather detailed data about the location of natural and man-made features of the land. These features include elevations, contours, trees, streams, drainage ditches, grading, buildings, and more. A topographic survey is a useful tool for landscape architects and engineers for planning site improvements and developments.

As-Built or Record Drawings

As-Built surveys are documents that show the final horizontal and vertical field location of constructed improvements, such as sewer pipes, buildings, and utilities, in relationship with the engineered construction plans, design changes, and contractor’s field changes.

Wetland & Environmental Surveys

Environmental Surveys help assess and plan for reclamation or rehabilitation of a site for some sort of remedial construction. Wetland Delineations are a facet of environmental surveys that determine the existence and size of a wetland. These delineations are important because wetlands must comply with rules and regulations that may not apply to other parcels of land. Another type of environmental survey is locating structures such monitor well locations.

Hydrographic & Mean High Water Surveys

Hydrographic surveying deals with any body of still or running water and is used to define shorelines and water features. Mean High Water Surveys determine the boundaries on private and state coastal waterways. These surveys are specifically important peninsulas, such as Florida.

FEMA Elevation Certificates

FEMA elevation certificates determine the overall elevation of new buildings and substantial improvements in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Therefore, they are necessary when applying for flood insurance and help reduce the cost of insurance premiums. Surveyors determine the level of elevation of the property to verify whether it meets the requirements for the certification.

Subsurface Utility Locations

This survey maps the location of underground utilities. They reduce the risk of any issues associated with the construction of or around subsurface utilities. These risks can include unexpectedly running into underground utility systems that may negatively affect the original design.

Aerial Survey and Mapping

Aerial survey and mapping, a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery (often referred to as Photogrammetry), utilizes survey aircrafts to create high definition topographic maps of larger areas. These areas would otherwise be difficult to capture with traditional means.